Understanding Counselling Theories - 1374 Words

Understanding Counselling Theories 1a The B.A.C.P (British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy) define counselling as ‘the skilled use of the relationship (between counsellor and client) to help the client develop self-knowledge, self-esteem and the ability to take control of his or her own life’. 1b Counselling is based on a therapeutic relationship, whereby the counsellor using their skills and knowledge to help the client to explore and understand their difficulties. This is done in a safe and secure setting, whilst maintaining a confidential and non judgemental manner. Before the therapeutic relationship can develop, both client and counsellor must write up a contract covering areas such as confidentiality, fees, duration of sessions, number of sessions and responsibilities. Counselling can help with issues such as depression, anxiety, bereavement, low self esteem, domestic violence, midlife crisis, sexuality and relationship. 1c Counselling is not advice and guidance. Nor is it an intimate relationship, friendly conversation, problem solving, judgemental or influenced by the counsellor. 2a The key approaches to counselling are Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP). Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and techniques which were founded by Sigmund Freud. The basis of Psychoanalysis is that it enables the client to become more aware of their unconscious thoughts and motivations to gain a deeperShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding counselling theory. Essay example1389 Words   |  6 Pages Macclesfield College ABC Level 3 Certificate in Counselling Skills Assignment 2 Understanding counselling theory. Unit 2- R/601/7575 Hana Lewis- 144383 ABC 17970-33 Contents Page 3 : Introduction. (157 words) Page 3 : Origins of Person- centred counselling (198 words) Page 4: Key concepts and principles of Person- centred counselling. (288 words) Page 5 : How does Person-centred counselling, influence the understanding of the development of concept of self? (245 words) PageRead MoreCounselling And Psychotherapeutic Theory Of Understanding Human Development2153 Words   |  9 PagesCounselling and psychotherapeutic theory is a way of understanding human development and experiences in relation to the environment. Each theory is based on a set of principles and concepts that have been derived from observable behaviour. However, each theory has identified limitations and no single theory is appropriate for all clients or all presenting issues. Psychotherapeutic integration is combining different theories and/or techniques to create a more comprehensive and complete outcome forRead Morecounselling theory essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Unit 2: Introduction to Counselling Skills Theories Theory Essay Written Introduction In this essay I will describe key elements of Psychodynamic theory, Person-Centred theory and Cognitive-Behavioural theory. I will also identify the key differences between the above theories. I shall also describe how counselling theory underpins the use of counselling skills in practise. I will then end with my conclusion. 1.1 Key elements of psychodynamic theory Dr Sigmud Freud (1856-1939), isRead MorePsychodynamic Counselling Overview Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesPsychodynamic Counselling – Overview. Psychodynamic counselling has a long history and vast literature to condense so only a brief overview is possible here – following on from the themes already discussed and with particular focus on four psychologists: Freud, Jung, Adler and Klein. â€Å"The primary purpose of psychodynamic counselling is to help clients make sense of current situations; of memories associated with present experience, some of which spring readily to mind, others which may riseRead MoreReflective Reflection Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent theories and ways of practising exist for counsellors, with reflective practice becoming more popular amongst practitioners. Dallos, Stedmon (2009) state that for professionals working directly with people, such as counsellors, reflective practice has quickly developed into a fundamental component of training, and the best practice for creating successful outcomes. This essay will focus on how reflective practice is critical for professional life, and how the use of reflection and theory canRead MoreThe Profession Of Counselling Psychology1582 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The profession of counselling psychology has developed hugely during the past decade, this paper aims to provide a concise and general exploration of the nature of counselling psychology, it’s development history, where it stands among other traditional approaches, and how disciplines of psychology is linked with a range of models of psychotherapy. In 1982 counselling psychology started developing as a section within the British Psychological Society, and in 1994 it was then recognizedRead MoreDescribe How Current Counselling and Psychotherapy Practices Emerged from Psychiatry and Psychology.1226 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent counselling and psychotherapy practice emerged from psychiatry and psychology. Use critical evaluation of theoretical evidence to support discussion points. 2, Analyse the similarities and differences between psychotherapy and counselling practices using evidence, aims and objectives relevant to practice and therapeutic need. Counselling and psychotherapy are very different areas of speciality than psychiatry or psychology. Yet it is from these two health practices that counselling and psychotherapyRead MoreSocial Control And Social Influence1728 Words   |  7 Pagesand law enforcement agents such as: police, military, and other city, state, and federal agencies. This form of control is set in place to prevent chaos in society. Theories of social control have been used to define and explain how the behaviours and actions of a person could be controlled by social agents (Dixon, 2015). These theories have been used by certain interactionists, functionalists, Marxists and post-structuralist to understand the way in which social norms and order is defined and maintainedRead Moreâ€Å"Compare and Contrast the Different Ways the Person-Centred and Cognitive- Behavioural Approaches to Counselling Understand and Make Use of the Counselling Relationship†1559 Words   |  7 Pagescognitive- behavioural approaches to counselling understand and make use of the counselling relationship†    This essay is written to compare the counselling relationship in person-centred and cognitive-behavioural counselling by outlining both the theory and practice of the counselling relationship. This will be done by outlining the theory of the counselling relationships and the theory in practice. Both person-centred and cognitive-behavioural counselling are widely recognised, successful treatmentsRead MoreReflective Essay On Counselling1690 Words   |  7 PagesThis reflective essay will try and develop an understanding of the experiences and theory that has been applied to a counselling roleplay and applied content over the duration of the module. Furthermore, identifying what has been covered and what has not been covered in the roleplay, its strengths, weaknesses, what needs developing and how it can help as counsellors within the field. The first topic will reflect on the skills and attributes that have been applied to the roleplay and how it has been

Is Inclusion Best For All Students - 1352 Words

Ashley Ball Research Paper Is Inclusion Best For All Students? Over the years, there has been a continuous debate over how effective inclusion classes really are for students in school. The whole idea of inclusion classes is to place students in the kind of environment where they can work with other peers who do not need special education and in a sense, not be secluded to just one classroom setting. There are those who feel that students who are in inclusion classes perform better academically and then there are those who feel that inclusion is not beneficial to those who need special education. This debate has left many people wondering, â€Å"Is inclusion really best for all students?† In the first article that I found entitled†¦show more content†¦Even though there are, in many cases, other educators within the classrooms to help these children who need that additional help, the teachers generally don’t have that kind of training. Hoon and Wilcox explained that when it comes to special education students, the most important thing is to provide these students with an education that proves to be an effective education for them. They stressed that what special education students come out of the classroom understanding is more significant than the type of classroom setting in which they are being taught. This is because if they are learning more in a special education setting in comparison to an inclusion setting, then the special education setting becomes the better choice for the students. Hoon and Wilcox used the first grade class described in their article to address the idea that inclusion means adjusting the classroom to accommodate every student’s needs. They talked about how that same first grade teacher was told that she was going to have a student in her class who had cerebral palsy. The teacher was not aware of what this would entail for her classroom and how it would change the way that she taught within her classroom. The child was in a wheelchair and the classroom had to be made accommodating for the student. Hoon and Wilcox explained that pediatricians can be very helpful in

Modernism, Mass Culture Free Essays

Andrea Hussies argues that â€Å"since the mold 19th century, the culture of modernity has been characterized by a volatile relationship between high art and mass culture. † The writer states that Modernist artists strove to distance themselves from the â€Å"lark pour lark† movements of the turn of the century like Art Nouveau, Symbolism and ?aestheticism. This type of art pandered to the tastes of the middle classes striving to live â€Å"the good life† which evolved into a culture of decadence and indulgence. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernism, Mass Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Modernists also distanced themselves from Abstract Expressionism during the Post World War II years, favoring autonomy, a hostility to mass culture and a â€Å"radical separation from the culture of everyday life† rather than a desire to â€Å"find a content rich with meaning and redolent of social responsibility. † Hussies highlights that the most significant Modernist â€Å"attack† on the esthetics ideas of the self-sufficiency of high culture In the 19th century resulted from a discord of the independent modernist stretch wealth the post World War I revolutionary politics in Russia and Germany, and the Increasingly rapid evolution of city life during the early 20th century. Hussies asserts that the attack was known as the historical avian garden symbolizing a new aesthetics approach, manifested in movements like expressionism, Berlin Dada, Russian constructivism, the post Russian Revolution purposeful and French Surrealism. The author ascribes this presence to a so-called â€Å"Great Divide† separating high art from mass culture, which he insists is imperative to the theoretical and historical understanding of modernism. The book Fin De Is ©clue and Its Legacy states that Hussein’s thesis about postmodernist is highly debatable, and that artistic modernism can only be understood in relation to the developments that came after the emergence of new mass communications technologies from the time of Baudelaire to the Second World War. Despite a great divide, the developments of high art apparently came about as a reaction to and dependence on mass communications technologies. One might argue that artistic modernism can only be understood in relation to the mass culture of the time. Hussies asserts that both modernism and the avian-garden have always defined their identity in relation to traditional bourgeois high culture and modern commercial mass culture. He believes that most discussions relating to modernism, the avian-garden and even post modernism validate bourgeois high culture at the expense of the avian-garden or modernism. Artists of the mid 19th century like French Realist Gustavo Courier disapproved of the depiction of historical and fictional subjects in art, preferring to focus their work on mundane everyday contemporary life. Through his work, Courier broke away from academic forms and standards that advocated Idealism, and attempted to destabilize the economic power structure of the day. Although It might appear that there were grounds for wanting to separate the notion of high art from mass culture, the economic climate in France money of mass communication in order to make a living. Artists like Henry Toulouse- Ululate and Egg ©nee Grasses relied on poster making as a means of generating income. In the case of Grasses, after studying art and architecture and working as an accomplished painter and sculptor, he designed and produced posters, which was said to have become his fort ©. His posters eventually generated interest in the United States, and the artist was asked to design a cover for Harpers magazine in 1892 at a time of continuing expansion in the magazine industry. One might suggest that instead of there being a great divide between high art and mass culture, artists of the time were using the tools of high art to communicate ideas to mass culture, and that each existed in tandem with instead of in opposition to the other. Hussies argues that both Greenberg and Adorn insisted on a â€Å"categorical separation of high art and mass culture†, both men being driven by an impulse to â€Å"save the dignity and autonomy of the art work from the totalitarian pressures of fascist mass spectacles, socialist realism and degraded commercial mass culture in the West. † However, the writer goes on to agreeably postulate that although both men’s impulses might have been correct at the time, their insistence of such a separation or divide became out dated. How to cite Modernism, Mass Culture, Papers

Growing Gifted Minds

Question: Write an essay about the Growing Gifted Minds. Answer: There is the significant difference between the gifted student and their peers as has been stated by Lymbery, J. Talented (Lymbery, 2009) and gifted are no those simply who have intelligence that is high (McLoughlin Oliver, 1998). The talent and giftedness concept which belongs to a certain group of people would be shaped by its values, beliefs, customs and attitudes. It from culture to culture that this concept and also over time there has been a lot of variation to this concept. Giftedness is viewed these as having multiple intelligence in the individuals. There two types of definitions of "conservative definitions" which is based generally only on one criterion and more often than not that criterion are intelligence and "liberal definitions" these are based on a wider range of criteria. There are certain characteristics that are exhibited by children who are gifted, and these can be understood better by understanding the characteristics that generally children who are gifted are likely to exhibit. It is most commonly in the general behavior of an individual in an educational setting that characteristics in the affective and cognitive domain appear commonly. The below mentioned "Table-I" throws light on the gifted students' general characteristics that are cognitive in nature. It is more often than not noticed that individuals who are gifted posses an immense desire of wanting to know of things that interest them. The ability of these students for thinking at levels that are abstract earlier than their peers who are of the same age and forming their own mannerism of thinking about various ideas and problems are an indication that students who are gifted intellectually need choice and content in activities related to learning that is much advanced than those given to their peers (Westberg Daoust, 2003). The high energy levels of these gifted students and their ability to be able to extend the projects range signify that studying independently is the option that is available to these gifted students to ensure that instructions that are differentiated are being given to them. This is one of the reasons why there are various parents who opt for homeschooling there gifted children. However, one of the consequences of this method is that it could lead to the isolation of the child from its peers (Jolly, Matthews, Nester, 2012). There are various Cognitive Characteristics in an educational environment of a gifted students(Clark, 2002). First of all they are able to retain and process information in larger amounts. They also have advance level comprehension of the materials, advance level comprehension of the materials and levels that are extremely high of the development of language and ability that is verbal. They also possess a thought processes that is flexible and accelerated. Further they have the ability that is early in delaying project closures, observations of relations among objects or disciplines that are unusual and skilled in the generation of ideas that are original and solving of problems. They are very goal-oriented, intense and persistent interest in topics that interest; their own way of thinking is formed by them when it comes to ideas and problems and as compared to their peers that learn things much earlier. They also have the need of individuality and freedom when it comes to learning, great desire of seeking and learning their own interests and at an age that is much earlier than their peers they are abstract thinkers. These gifted students prefer challenging and complex work and are able to apply and transfer of knowledge to situations that are new. They may prefer working alone rather than in a group. They also may start reading much early and have attention spans that are longer and energy levels that are high may be possessed. Giftedness leads to there being preferences and behaviors that are varied. In an educational environment, the awareness of the emotional and social characteristics of individuals who are gifted can aid in understanding their behavior that is observed in them. There, for example, may be peer rejection as a child with giftedness has the urge at all times to share his knowledge and maybe considered by others due to this attempt as a show-off. There can be feelings of hopelessness, perfectionism, dissatisfaction at a personal level due to the high expectations that gifted students place upon others and upon themselves (Clark, 2002). The gifted students have various affective characteristics in an educational environment (Clark, 2002) first of them being that there is a significant amount of information that they possess with respect to emotions. There may be an unusual sensitivity that is possessed by them towards the feelings of others. There is also subtle or keen sense of humor which is possessed by them and there is heightened self-awareness sense which is possessed by them. At an early age, there is a sense of justice and idealism that is possessed by them and also there is an early development of inner controls. There are also unusual intensity and depth which is possessed by them and have high expectations from others and self are exhibited by them. Further there is a strong requirement for consistency in others and themselves which is displayed by them and moral judgments at the advance level are possessed by them. Due to these characteristics that are possessed by individuals who are gifted in an educational environment, awareness needs to be kept of, the manners in which there is the manifestation of these attributes in an educational environment which is observable. These types behaviors can be troubling in an educational environment. However, awareness with respect to the cause which is at the root of such behavior will aid in meeting the needs of these students who are gifted and build a relationship in the educational environment which is positive. It is not realistic in an educational environment to expect that a heterogeneous group of students would be learning in the same manner and that they should be held accountable to same higher standards. There are various classroom issues that may be faced with respect to students who are gifted such as: (Winebrenner Espeland, 2001) Work may be unfinished due to the reason that the interests are varied, and the student is unable to narrow it down to a particular topic. The students feelings may also be revealed through work habits that are poor since they might already know about a particular topic and would not feel the need for practicing the same. A gifted students class work that is poor is often a symbol of disinterest in the subject that is of concern. The appropriateness of the activities in an educational environment may be questioned by students who are gifted, but there will be work that is done well and diligently in those subjects which are of interest to them. There may be a chance that gifted students fall into the trap of perfectionism or fear of failing due to their sensitivity towards the perceptions and attitude of what others. Identification Process is the development of a method for the identification of students who are talented and gifted, for which there are various essential issues which would require to be considered (Johnsen, 2008). The first issue is that there will be an exhibition of talent by the gifted in not only in a domain but only within a given area of their interest. An example of this could be a fourth grader who performed in the same manner that his peers in the science classroom activities however when it came to the understanding of the black holes and the shapes in the universe it emerged as being much beyond the grade level of his peers and it was only during the opportunity of an individual study that took place. It is not a single score that will determine the manner in which the gift of a child might be developed who have opportunities that are limited to enrichment activities that are out of school (Johnsen, Robins, Witte, Feurbacher, 2003). It has been noted that many of the gifted students having a problem of learning disability that the cause for the same should be identified. If there is no diagnoses with those who a unmotivated due to various reasons or those with normal cognitive development variant can be an issue. It is important to have differential diagnosis so that decisions regarding intervention can be made that is appropriate for such student. There is an exhibition of gifts and talents by students who are with disabilities or who come from different cultural, economic and ethnic background. There is estimation that these classes of people are underrepresented in education programs for gifted students. This underrepresentation of students is an issue that arises due to under-identification of these students (Dai, 2013). For improving the identification of the gifted students in the special population, there is the need for the professionals to examine definitions that are state and local so that considerati on can be made towards a range of characteristics that is wider. Training also needs to be given to the teachers to ensure that they can observe the characteristics that are manifested in ways that are varied for cultures that are different for students with disability and various cultural groups (Dai, 2013). Thus it can be concluded that the early identification of characteristics both cognitive and affective along with these features that are local and state oriented would lead to the identification of students from various strata who are gifted and aid in the development of the gifts of these gifted individuals into talents. It is important particularly in children who are from backgrounds that are disadvantaged economically that these students are recognized. When these students are identified and provided by learning activities that are challenging it would lead to the nurturing of these children, and they will be able to perform at a level that is much higher. References Clark, B. (2002).Growing up gifted: Developing the potential of children at home and at school(6th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River. Dai, D. (2013). Excellence at the Cost of Social Justice? Negotiating and Balancing Priorities in Gifted Education.Roeper Review,35(2), Johnsen, S. (2008).Identifying the Gifted and Talented Learners. In F.A. Karnes and Sr. Stephen (Eds.), Achieving excellence: Educating the gifted and the talented(pp. 135-153). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall. Johnsen, S., Robins, J., Witte, M., Feurbacher, S. (2003).Developing Social and academic characteristics among gifted students labeled at-risk. Presentation, International Conference for Exceptional Students, Seattle, WA.

Are Visual Effects Improving or Damaging Film Fro Essays - Film

Are Visual Effects Improving or Damaging Film? From the very inception of film visual effects have been employed by numerous photographers and film makers to enhance, to realise and create new meaning. The very early days of film took great advantage of visual magic' to create illusions and trickery which have impressed countless audiences. Over a century ago when photography was emerging as an art form some unscrupulous commercial photographers would capture portrait shots using an ordinary exposure but then as soon as the subject was removed from the studio a collaborator would be positioned within the same setting, a quick exposure would be taken so as to leave a faint image trace on the film. The unsuspecting customer would then be handed a positive copy of their image with what appeared to be a ghostly figure in shot. A more subtle variation involved the customer being placed with numerous props around him or her, the props would be removed for the second exposure of the ghost character, so as they wouldn't appear too deliberately double exposed. The ghost character would usually be wearing black clothing as film does not see' black due to the chemical process in the emulsion of film which identifies light only, therefore only the ghost would appear in the second image. And herein began the industry of special effects. This ghost trick was the starting point for what is now known as the matte process where unrequired objects are removed from the exposure by masking them so they do not register on the film. One of the first uses of this process in a moving image sequence was witnessed in Alexander Korda's Things To Come (1936) in which the upper levels of a futuristic underground city have been double exposed above footage of live actors, matte masks prevented one image showing on the other image. This film provides one of the earliest examples of special effects being adopted to positively improve the aesthetics of a film. Of course since fil m's early experiments with visual effects the industry has today developed into a very sophisticated, digitally driven and technically ultra-advanced visual medium. Computers have taken special effects to an entirely new level and as computers continue to update and improve their spec so too will the film industry develop around these advances; quite simply computers and digital technology have enabled films to be produced which otherwise would not have been. However despite the often profound visual success of special effects in certain cases some people argue that film is now placing an over reliance on special effects, they argue that visual effects in some films are counter productive as they come across as ineffective and some times unnecessary. Some also question the performance of the actors if all they are doing in a film is running in front of a green screen shouting at an imagined alien' clutching an imagined prop. Others raise concerns regarding the films quality and the processes of putting a film together where much of it is CGI constituted. So is it really the case that films being produced now would be better received by audiences if they did not make so much use of visual effects? Or is it that some studios and directors simply can't adjust effectively to modern day film making? And who is to blame for this? Man or machine? As visual effects artist Piers Bizony points out: One of the greatest misconceptions about modern movies is that visual effects are generated by computers. Nothing could be further from the truth. Human inventiveness is the most important ingredient and it always will be. Computers offer amazing new possibilities, but the underlying challenges of movie illusions are the same today as they were nearly a century ago when the industry was young . Chapter 1: The Profound Benefits of Using Visual Effects in Film Digital effects have significantly impacted on mainstream films, indeed digital technology is now synonymous with exceptional visual effects. Michael Bailey's sci-fi film Armageddon (1999) provides a good example of a director engaging with digital visual effects which achieves an impressive and hugely successful end product. The disaster film depicts the efforts to prevent Earth being destroyed

cloning2 essays

cloning2 essays Cloning, the process of creating a copy of a plant or animal that is genetically identical to the original through asexual means, has sparked some interesting moral and ethical debate. For years, cloning has been used to produce a greater number of a specific type of plant, such as the Macintosh apple trees, which have all been derived from single mutated plant . Now, however, upon the discovery of a method to clone animals, even humans, people are beginning to become aware of the benefits and consequences of cloning, as well as the ethics involved. Cloning has had a fairly long history. In 1952, the first successful cloning experiment took place. Scientists Robert Briggs and Thomas King successfully removed the nucleus from a frog egg and replaced it with the nucleus of an undifferentiated cell from another frog. The egg, then placed in a nutrient solution, eventually developed into a healthy tadpole. In 1962, ten years later, a similar experiment took a differentiated intestinal cell and allowed the tadpole created to develop into a healthy, fertile toad. Later, in 1981, a scientist from Cambridge University then combined two embryos, one of a sheep and the other of a goat, making the first mosaic animal ever artificially created-the geep, with the body of a goat covered with patches of sheeps wool. Then 1984, the first cloned mammals were produced from embryonic nuclei transplanted into unfertilized sheep eggs. Soon after, cloned calves and rabbits, both from embryonic nuclei, and just recently, the first mammal cloned f rom a fully differentiated adult sheep cell was created. The process of cloning an animal, especially a mammal, is not an easy one. In fact, there are multiple ways to go about accomplishing the task, depending on the source of the DNA used for cloning. If a differentiated cell, one that has certain genes expressed or unexpressed, is used, certain genes must first be forced to ...

Final reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final reflection - Essay Example A well-established democratic society requires citizens, who should be active and well aware of their roles and responsibilities for betterment of their society as well as for maintaining their own living standard in the society. In this paper, we shall discuss roles and responsibilities of good citizens living in a democratic society. Discussion Typical definition of a good citizen states that a good citizen needs to represent values, moral and models of responsible attitude and democratic values solely for the growth and improvement of society. To do perform the assigned roles and responsibilities of a good citizen, people are required to gain knowledge concerning social, political, economical and legal and other institutional roles and issues. Up to date knowledge and a good understanding of all rights and roles of social institutions can help a citizen to understand his own responsibilities and actions he/she can take to improve societal condition. Additionally, knowledge or unde rstanding of a good citizen should not be confined to roles and issues raised by societal institutions, but he should be aware of all current happenings that take place in the society and ultimately result in good or bad for the people. Carroll has discussed in his work that responsibilities of a good citizen should be identified as corporate social responsibilities (CSR). These responsibilities involve economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time (Sison, 2008). The core understanding of corporate social responsibilities implies that institutions that are involved in the process of socialization should have moral, philanthropic, and ethical responsibilities. However, from the broader spectrum Carroll as emphasized on the fact that corporate social responsibilities should not be solely viewed in a traditional way. But, citizens should be provided with an opportunity, where they can enjoy a number of constituencies such as from employees, local state or community, environmental groups, suppliers, clients and other special interest parties (Sison, 2008). According to Loeb, responsibilities of a citizen in a democratic society have been defined for the making society more lively, safe and potential place for the people to live in. Author has strongly focused on the role of citizens to bring positive social change in the country, every time when a society suffers any critical social, political or economical issue. Additionally, apart from understanding the roles and responsibilities, a citizen needs to have such feelings and enthusiasm for the society that led him/her to participate actively in all activities and social works that aim to improve living conditions in a democratic community (Loeb, 2011). Also, Loeb highlights that it is not only important to work in a group or with any organization for the betterment of social issues, but it should be noted that each and every effort is worthy and individual efforts of citizens can also contribute to make a considerable difference in a democratic society. It is because, in democratic system all citizens are all equal and they have freedom of speech or thoughts that can even bring a revolution on a national level. Liu has mentioned five core responsibilities